The Parthenon
by Ictinus and Callicrates with Phidias
at Athens, Greece, -477 to -438.
The parthenon is the largest building on top of the Acropolis. It was a temple that was dedicated to Athena Parthenos. It is made of white pentelic marble and surrounded by free-standing columns. It was designed by Ictinus and Callicrates. Panels on the wall show scenes of the Battle of the Lapiths and the Centaurs. The Parthenon was used as a Byzantine Church, Roman Catholic Church, a Turkish Harem, and a Turkish powder magazine. On September 16, 1687, a direct hit caused the powder in the Parthenon to explode. Scattering debris across the Acropolis. After that the temple began to disappear. In 1922 a Greek archaeologist Nicolas Balanos restored a number of columns and parts. D.T.
Pronounced As: pärthnon [Gr.,=the virgin's place], temple sacred to Athena, on the acropolis at Athens. Built under Pericles between 447 B.C. and 432 B.C., it is the culminating masterpiece of Greek architecture. Ictinus and Callicrates were the architects and Phidias supervised the sculpture. The temple is peripteral, with 8 Doric columns at each end and 17 on the flanks (46 in all); it stands upon a stylobate three steps high. The body of the building comprised a cella and behind it an inner chamber (the Parthenon proper), which gave the temple its name. At front and rear, within the outer colonnade, were two porticoes, the pronaos and opisthodomos, respectively, with six columns each. Within the cella a Doric colonnade two tiers high supported the roof timbers and divided the space into a lofty central nave bounded by an aisle on three sides. Toward the west end of this nave stood the Athena Parthenos, the colossal gold and ivory statue by Phidias dedicated c.438 and destroyed in antiquity. The inner chamber, to the west, apparently served as treasury and was entered through a large western doorway. The pediments terminating the roof at each end of the building were ornamented with sculptured groups depicting the birth of Athena on the eastern end and the contest between Athena and Poseidon on the western end. The upper part of the cella walls and the friezes above the porticoes formed a continuous band of sculpture around the building, representing the Panathenaic procession held every fourth year in homage to the goddess. Of the 525 ft (160 m) of this sculptured frieze, 335 ft (102 m) still exists. The western portion is still in place; the greater part of the remainder, removed by Lord Elgin, is in the British Museum (see Elgin Marbles). In the 6th cent. the Parthenon became a Christian church, with the addition of an apse at the east end. It next served as a mosque, and a minaret was added to it. In 1687, in the Venetian attack on Athens, it was used as a powder magazine by the Turks and the entire center portion was destroyed by an explosion. The beauty of the Parthenon began to be appreciated in the 18th cent., and in 1762 measured drawings by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett gave strong impetus to the classic revival. After the end of Turkish control (1830), intensive archaeological study of the Parthenon commenced. Numerous attempts have since been made to establish the mathematical or geometrical basis supposedly employed in producing the design's high perfection. Restoration work is still being done.
The supreme achievement of the Greeks was their claim that
everything--from the human body to the entire cosmos--was governed by an order
accessible to human reason. That claim has been the basis for western civilization
ever since. The Temple of Athena Parthenos, the Parthenon,now a ruin lying atop
the Acropolis of Athens, is the testament in stone to that claim.